本文目录
- 奥巴马的演讲稿（中英对照）
- 奥巴马就职演讲词
- 求老人与海的英文背景资料
- 求奥巴马2009年1月20日就职演讲中英文
- 老人与海的英文概括~！ 急求！
- 怎样维持生态平衡急~~~~~
- 奥巴马就职演讲稿
- Rio de Janeiro是什么意思
- reaffirming的意思
- 奥巴马就职演讲用了哪些修辞
奥巴马的演讲稿（中英对照）
My fellow citizens:
我的同胞们：
I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
今天我站在这里，看到眼前面临的重大任务，深感卑微。我感谢你们对我的信任，也知道先辈们为了这个国家所作的牺牲。我要感谢布什总统为国家做出的贡献，以及感谢他在两届政府过渡期间给与的慷慨协作。
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.
迄今为止，已经有44个美国总统宣誓就职。总统的宣誓有时面对的是国家的和平繁荣，但通常面临的是乌云密布的紧张形势。在紧张的形势中，支持美国前进的不仅仅是领导人的能力和远见，也在于美国人民对国家先驱者理想的信仰，以及对美国立国文件的忠诚。
So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
前辈们如此，我们这一代美国人也要如此。
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our healthcare is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
现在我们都深知，我们身处危机之中。我们的国家在战斗，对手是影响深远的暴力和憎恨；国家的经济也受到严重的削弱，原因虽有一些人的贪婪和不负责任，但更为重要的是我们作为一个整体在一些重大问题上决策失误，同时也未能做好应对新时代的准备。我们的人民正在失去家园，失去工作，很多企业倒闭。社会的医疗过于昂贵、学校教育让许多人失望，而且每天都会有新的证据显示，我们利用能源的方式助长了我们的敌对势力，同时也威胁着我们的星球。
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
统计数据的指标传达着危机的消息。危机难以测量，但更难以测量的是其对美国人国家自信的侵蚀--现在一种认为美国衰落不可避免，我们的下一代必须低调的言论正在吞噬着人们的自信。
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met.
今天我要说，我们的确面临着很多严峻的挑战，而且在短期内不大可能轻易解决。但是我们要相信，我们一定会度过难关。
On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
今天，我们在这里齐聚一堂，因为我们战胜恐惧选择了希望，摒弃了冲突和矛盾而选择了团结。
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
今天，我们宣布要为无谓的摩擦、不实的承诺和指责画上句号，我们要打破牵制美国政治发展的若干陈旧教条。
We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
美国仍是一个年轻的国家，借用《圣经》的话说，放弃幼稚的时代已经到来了。重拾坚韧精神的时代已经到来，我们要为历史作出更好的选择，我们要秉承历史赋予的宝贵权利，秉承那种代代相传的高贵理念：上帝赋予我们每个人以平等和自由，以及每个人尽全力去追求幸福的机会。
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labour, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
在重申我们国家伟大之处的同时，我们深知伟大从来不是上天赐予的，伟大需要努力赢得。（我们的民族一路走来），这旅途之中从未有过捷径或者妥协，这旅途也不适合胆怯之人、或者爱安逸胜过爱工作之人、或者单单追求名利之人。这条路是勇于承担风险者之路，是实干家、创造者之路。这其中有一些人名留青史，但是更多的人却在默默无闻地工作着。正是这些人带领我们走过了漫长崎岖的旅行，带领我们走向富强和自由。
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.
For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.
For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.
为了我们，先辈们带着微薄的细软，横渡大洋，寻找新生活；为了我们，先辈们忍辱负重，用血汗浇铸工厂；为了我们，先辈们在荒芜的西部大地辛勤耕作，定居他乡；为了我们，先辈们奔赴（独立战争中的）康科德城和葛底斯堡、（二战中的）诺曼底、（越战中的）Khe Sahn，他们征战、死去。
Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
一次又一次，我们的先辈们战斗着、牺牲着、操劳着，只为了我们可以生活得更好。在他们看来，美国的强盛与伟大超越了个人雄心，也超越了个人的出身、贫富和派别差异。
This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.
今天我们继续先辈们的旅途。美国依然是地球上最富裕、最强大的国家。同危机初露端倪之时相比，美国人民的生产力依然旺盛；与上周、上个月或者去年相比，我们的头脑依然富于创造力，我们的商品和服务依然很有市场，我们的实力不曾削弱。但是，可以肯定的是，轻歌曼舞的时代、保护狭隘利益的时代以及对艰难决定犹豫不决的时代已经过去了。从今天开始，我们必须跌倒后爬起来，拍拍身上的泥土，重新开始工作，重塑美国。
For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise healthcare’s quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.
我目之所及，都有工作有待完成。国家的经济情况要求我们采取大胆且快速的行动，我们的确是要行动，不仅是要创造就业，更要为（下一轮经济）增长打下新的基础。我们将造桥铺路，为企业铺设电网和数字线路，将我们联系在一起。我们将回归科学，运用科技的奇迹提高医疗质量，降低医疗费用。我们将利用风能、太阳能和土壤驱动车辆，为工厂提供能源。我们将改革中小学以及大专院校，以适应新时代的要求。这一切，我们都能做到，而且我们都将会做到。
Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions - who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.
现在，有一些人开始质疑我们的野心是不是太大了，他们认为我们的体制承载不了太多的宏伟计划。他们是健忘了。他们已经忘了这个国家已经取得的成就；他们已经忘了当创造力与共同目标以及必要的勇气结合起来时，自由的美国人民所能发挥的能量。
What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them - that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public’s dollars will be held to account - to spend wisely, reform bad habits and do our business in the light of day - because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.
奥巴马就职演讲词
My fellow citizens:I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.同胞们，我今天站在这里，因为面前的任务而感到谦卑，因为你们的信任而心存感激，同时铭记先辈们做所出的巨大牺牲。感谢布什总统为这个国家做出的贡献，同时也谢谢他在整个政权交接期间表现出的慷慨与合作。Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.迄今已经有44名美国人宣誓就任总统。这些誓词曾出现在繁荣的上升趋势和如水般平静的和平中，当然，也经常会出现在乌云密布和狂风暴雨之时。在这各种时刻，美国一直在继续前行，这不仅仅是因为执政的技巧或者有先见之明，而是因为我们的人民一直在坚守先辈们的理想，忠实履行我们的建国宣言。So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.过去是这样，这一代的美国人仍将会坚持这样做。That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.众所周知，我们目前正处在危机之中。我们的国家正在对暴力和仇恨宣战。我们的经济也被严重削弱，这是一些人贪婪和不负责任的后果，但在做出艰难 选择和准备迎接新时代方面，我们出现了集体性的失误。房屋失去了；工作丢掉了；商业萧条了；我们的卫生保健耗资巨大；我们太多的学校不合格；每天都能找到 更多的证据表明我们利用能源的方式使得对手更加强大，并且威胁到了我们整个星球。These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met.这些数据和统计都是危机的表现特征。虽然无法具备测量，但产生的深远影响是我们的信心受到了侵蚀–担心美国的衰退不可避免，担心下一代会降低 他们的期待。今天我要向你们说的是，我们面临的挑战是真实存在的。这些挑战很多，而且非常严重，它们不会轻易地或者在短时间内就能得以解决。但大家也必须 认识到，美国，终将会解决这些困难。On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.今天，我们聚集在这里，是因为我选择用希望来战胜恐惧，用团结来战胜冲突与分歧。On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.今天，我们来到这里将结束悲戚和错误的承诺，抛弃指责和教条主 义这些扼杀我们政治的东西。We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.我们仍然是一个年轻的国家，但现在应该摒弃充满孩子气的行为，重申我们不朽的精神；选择我们更好的历史；宏扬那些珍贵而且高尚 的理念，并将这一代一代地传递下去。上帝认为天下众生皆平等，众生皆自由，而且都应该拥有追求幸福的机会。In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.在重申我们国家的伟大时，我们必须明白，伟大绝对不会是一种馈赠，而是要靠我们去努力争取。我们的征途从来没有捷径，也不属于那些胆怯懦弱、消遣工作或者只追求财富名利的人。For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.为了我们，他们整理起自己不多的物品开始穿越大海寻找新的生活；For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.为了我们，他们在血汗工厂辛苦劳作，忍受着皮鞭的抽打并且 犁开坚硬的土地；For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.为了我们，他们在诸如康科得、盖茨堡、诺曼底等等地方作战并献出生命。Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.这些男男女女们不停地奋斗和牺牲，一直工作直到双手生疼，目的只是为了过上更好一些的生活。在他们的眼中，美国比他们个人的报负更加重要，也比 所有出身、财富或者宗派之间的差别更加重要。This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.这就是我们今天仍在继续的征程。我们仍然是世界上最繁荣、最强大的国家。当这场危机开始后，我们工人的生产力 并没有下降；我们的思想也没有失去创造力；我们现在需要的商品和服务，并没有比上周、上月或者去年减少；我们的生产力并没有降低。从今天开始，我们必须振 作起来，拂去身上的灰尘，重新开始振兴美国。For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.环视周围，到处是要做的工作。目前的经济状况要求我们采取大胆和迅速的行动，我们将采取行动，不仅是创造新的工作岗位，而且是为经济的增长奠定 新的基石。我们将建设道路和桥梁、电网和数字网络，它们将为我们的商业活动服务，把我们联系在一起。我们将使科学回归其位，应用科学技术来提高医疗的质量 并降低其费用。我们将利用太阳能、风能、潮汐能来驱动我们的汽车，运营我们的工厂。我们将变革我们的学校、学院和大学以满足新时代的需求。这些是我们能够 做的，我们将做这一切。
求老人与海的英文背景资料
The Old Man and the Sea is a novella (just over 100 pages in length) by Ernest Hemingway, written in Cuba in 1951 and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction to be produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it centers upon Santiago, an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream.It is noteworthy in twentieth century fiction, reaffirming Hemingway’s worldwide literary prominence as well as being a significant factor in his selection for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.
Background and publication：Most people maintain that the years following Hemingway’s publication of For Whom the Bell Tolls in 1940 until 1952 were the bleakest in his literary career. The novel Across the River and Into the Trees (1950) was almost unanimously disparaged by critics as self-parody. Evidently his participation as an Allied correspondent in World War II did not yield fruits equivalent to those wrought of his experiences in World War I (A Farewell to Arms, 1929) or the Spanish Civil War (For Whom the Bell Tolls).
Inspiration for character：Gregorio Fuentes is one possible model for Hemingway’s eponymous “Old Man“.While Hemingway was living in Cuba beginning in 1940 with his third wife Martha Gellhorn, one of his favorite pastimes was to sail and fish in his boat, named the Pilar. General biographical consensus holds that the model for Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea was, at least in part, the Cuban fisherman Gregorio Fuentes.
Fuentes, also known as Goyo to his friends, was born in 1897 on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, migrated to Cuba when he was six years old and met Hemingway there in 1928. In the 1930s, Hemingway hired him to look after his boat. During Hemingway’s Cuban years a strong friendship formed between Hemingway and Fuentes. For almost thirty years, Fuentes served as the captain of the Pilar; this included time during which Hemingway did not live in Cuba.
Fuentes at times would admit that the story was not exactly about him. He related that the true inspiration of the old man and the boy did exist but they never knew who they were. The story goes that in the late 1940s, upon return from an early morning fishing trip, Fuentes and Hemingway saw a small rowboat 10 miles out to sea. Hemingway asked Fuentes to approach the vessel to see if they needed help. Inside the boat was an old man and a boy. As the vessels closed in the old man began yelling at them with insults including telling them to go to hell, indicating that they had scared away the fish. According to Fuentes, he and Hemingway looked at each other in surprise. Just the same, Hemingway asked Fuentes to lower them some food and drinks while the old man and boy glared at them. Without another word exchanged, the two boats parted ways. According to Fuentes, Hemingway began immediately to write in his notebook and later asked him to find the old man. According to Fuentes, he never was able to find the fisherman that had made such an impression on Hemingway. Fuentes recounts that this was the real origin of the lore. A few years after The Old Man and the Sea was published, residents of Cojimar believed that the old fisherman that Fuentes and Hemingway ran into at sea was a humble local fisherman they called el viejo Miguel; some described his physical appearance as a wiry Spencer Tracy.
Fuentes, suffering from cancer, died in 2002; he was 104 years old. Prior to his death, he donated Hemingway’s Pilar to the Cuban government.
Hemingway had initially planned to use Santiago’s story, which became The Old Man and the Sea, as part of a random intimacy between mother and son and also the fact of relationships that cover most of the book relate to the Bible, which he referred to as “The Sea Book.“ (He also referred to the Bible as the “Sea of Knowledge“ and other such things.) Some aspects of it did appear in the posthumously published Islands in the Stream. Positive feedback he received for On the Blue Water (Esquire, April 1936) led him to rewrite it as an independent work. The book is a novella because it has no chapters or parts and is slightly longer than a short story.
The novella first appeared, in its 26,500-word entirety, as part of the September 1, 1952 edition of Life magazine. 5.3 million copies of that issue were sold within two days. The majority of concurrent criticism was positive, although some dissenting criticism has since emerged. The title was misprinted on the cover of an early edition as The Old Men and the Sea
[edit] Plot summary
The Old Man and the Sea recounts an epic battle between an old, experienced fisherman and a giant marlin said to be the largest catch of his life. It opens by explaining that the fisherman, who is named Santiago, has gone 84 days without catching any fish at all. He is apparently so unlucky that his young apprentice, Manolin, has been forbidden by his parents to sail with the old man and been ordered to fish with more successful fishermen. Still dedicated to the old man, however, the boy visits Santiago’s shack each night, hauling back his fishing gear, feeding him and discussing American baseball — most notably Santiago’s idol, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago tells Manolin that on the next day, he will venture far out into the Gulf to fish, confident that his unlucky streak is near its end.
Thus on the eighty-fifth day, Santiago sets out alone, taking his skiff far into the Gulf. He sets his lines and, by noon of the first day, a big fish that he is sure is a marlin takes his bait. Unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and two nights pass in this manner, during which the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in pain, Santiago expresses a compassionate appreciation for his adversary, often referring to him as a brother. He also determines that because of the fish’s great dignity, no one will be worthy of eating the marlin.
On the third day of the ordeal, the fish begins to circle the skiff, indicating his tiredness to the old man. Santiago, now completely worn out and almost in delirium, uses all the strength he has left in him to pull the fish onto its side and stab the marlin with a harpoon, thereby ending the long battle between the old man and the tenacious fish.
Santiago straps the marlin to his skiff and heads home, thinking about the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed.
While Santiago continues his journey back to the shore, sharks are attracted to the trail of blood left by the marlin in the water. The first, a great mako shark, Santiago kills with his harpoon, losing that weapon in the process. He makes a new harpoon by strapping his knife to the end of an oar to help ward off the next line of sharks; in total, five sharks are slain and many others are driven away. But by night, the sharks have almost devoured the marlin’s entire carcass, leaving a skeleton consisting mostly of its backbone, its tail and its head, the latter still bearing the giant spear. The old man castigates himself for sacrificing the marlin. Finally reaching the shore before dawn on the next day, he struggles on the way to his shack, carrying the heavy mast on his shoulder. Once home, he slumps onto his bed and enters a very deep sleep.
A group of fishermen gathers the next day around the boat where the fish’s skeleton is still attached. One of the fishermen measures it to be eighteen feet from nose to tail. Tourists at the nearby café mistakenly take it for a shark. Manolin, worried during the old man’s endeavor, cries upon finding him safe asleep. The boy brings him newspapers and coffee. When the old man wakes, they promise to fish together once again. Upon his return to sleep, Santiago dreams of lions on the African beach.
-reaffirming
求奥巴马2009年1月20日就职演讲中英文
My fellow citizens:
各位同胞：
I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
今天我站在这里，为眼前的重责大任感到谦卑，对各位的信任心怀感激，对先贤的牺牲铭记在心。我要谢谢布什总统为这个国家的服务，也感 谢他在政权转移期间的宽厚和配合。
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.
四十四位美国人发表过总统就职誓言，这些誓词或是在繁荣富强及和平宁静之际发表，或是在乌云密布，时局动荡之时。在艰困的时候，美国 能箕裘相继，不仅因为居高位者有能力或愿景，也因为人民持续对先人的抱负有信心，也忠于创建我国的法统。
So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
因此，美国才能承继下来。因此，这一代美国人必须承继下去。
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
现在大家都知道我们正置身危机核心，我国正处于对抗深远暴力和憎恨的战争。我们的经济元气大伤，是某些人贪婪且不负责任的后果，也是 大众未能做出艰难的选择，为国家进入新时代做淮备所致。许多人失去房子，丢了工作，生意垮了。我们的医疗照护太昂贵，学校教育辜负了 许多人。每天都有更多证据显示，我们利用能源的方式壮大我们的对敌，威胁我们的星球。
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
这些都是得自资料和统计数据的危机指标。比较无法测量但同样深沉的，是举国信心尽失—持续担心美国将无可避免地衰退，也害怕下一代一 定会眼界变低。
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met.
今天我要告诉各位，我们面临的挑战是真的，挑战非常严重，且不在少数。它们不是可以轻易，或在短时间内解决。但是，美国要了解，这些 挑战会被解决。
On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
在这一天，我们聚在一起，因为我们选择希望而非恐惧，有意义的团结而非纷争和不合。
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
在这一天，我们来此宣示，那些无用的抱怨和虚伪的承诺已终结，那些扭曲我们政治已久的相互指控和陈旧教条已终结。
We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
我们仍是个年轻的国家，但借用圣经的话，摆脱幼稚事物的时刻到来了，重申我们坚忍精神的时刻到来了，选择我们更好的历史，实践那种代 代传承的珍贵权利，那种高贵的理念：就是上帝的应许，我们每个人都是平等的，每个人都是自由的，每个人都应该有机会追求全然的幸福。
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
再次肯定我们国家的伟大，我们了解伟大绝非赐予而来，必须努力达成。我们的旅程从来就不是抄捷径或很容易就满足。这条路一直都不是给 不勇敢的人走的，那些偏好逸乐胜过工作，或者只想追求名利就满足的人。恰恰相反，走这条路的始终是勇于冒险的人，做事的人，成事的人 ，其中有些人很出名，但更常见的是在各自岗位上的男男女女无名英雄，在这条漫长崎区的道路上支撑我们，迈向繁荣与自由。
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.
为了我们，他们携带很少的家当，远渡重洋，追寻新生活。
For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.
为了我们，他们胼手胝足，在西部安顿下来；忍受风吹雨打，筚路蓝缕。
For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sanh.
为了我们，他们奋斗不懈，在康科特和盖茨堡，诺曼地和溪山等地葬身。
Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
前人不断的奋斗与牺牲，直到双手皮开肉绽，我们才能享有比较好的生活。他们将美国视为大于所有个人企图心总和的整体，超越出身、财富 或小圈圈的差异。
This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.
这是我们今天继续前进的旅程。我们仍旧是全球最繁荣强盛的国家。这场危机爆发时，我们的劳工生产力并未减弱。我们的心智一样创新，我 们的产品和劳务和上周或上个月或去年相比，一样是必需品。我们的能力并未减损。但是我们墨守成规、维护狭小利益、推迟引人不悦的决定 ，这段时期肯定已经过去。从今天起，我们必须重新出发、再次展开再造美国的工程。
For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.
我们无论朝何处望去，都有工作必须完成。经济情势需要大胆、迅速的行动，我们将有所行动，不光是创造新工作，更要奠定成长的新基础。 我们将造桥铺路，为企业兴建电力网格与数位线路，将我们联系在一起。我们将让科学回归合适的用途，运用科技的奇迹来提高医疗品质并降 低费用。我们将利用太阳能、风力和土壤作为汽车的燃料和工厂的能源。我们将让中小学及大专院校转型，因应新时代的需要。这些我们可以 作到。我们也将会作到
-reaffirming
老人与海的英文概括~！ 急求！
d Man and the Sea is a novella by Ernest Hemingway written in Cuba in 1951 and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction to be produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it centers upon an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream. Though it has been the subject of disparate criticism, it is noteworthy in twentieth century fiction and in Hemingway’s canon, reaffirming his worldwide literary prominence and significant in his selection for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.
Summary:
The Old Man and the Sea recounts an epic battle between an old, experienced fisherman and a giant marlin said to be the largest catch of his life.
It opens by explaining that the fisherman, named Santiago, has gone 84 days without catching a fish. He is apparently so unlucky that his young apprentice, Manolin, has been forbidden by his parents to sail with the old man and been ordered to fish with more successful fishermen. Still dedicated to the old man, however, the boy visits Santiago’s shack each night, hauling back his fishing gear, feeding him, and discussing American baseball—most notably Santiago’s idol, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago tells Manolin that on the next day, he will venture far out into the Gulf to fish, confident that his unlucky streak is near its end.
Thus on the eighty-fifth day, Santiago sets out alone, taking his skiff far into the Gulf. He sets his lines and, by noon of the first day, a big fish that he is sure is a marlin takes his bait. Unable to pull in the great marlin, Santiago instead finds the fish pulling his skiff. Two days and two nights pass in this manner, during which the old man bears the tension of the line with his body. Though he is wounded by the struggle and in pain, Santiago expresses a compassionate appreciation for his adversary, often referring to him as a brother.
On the third day of the ordeal, the fish begins to circle the skiff, indicating his tiredness to the old man. Santiago, now completely worn out and almost in delirium, finds the strength to stab with a harpoon and kill the fish during one of his great lunges out of the water.
Santiago straps the marlin to his skiff and heads home, thinking about the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed. The old man determines that because of the fish’s great dignity, no one will be worthy of eating the marlin.
While Santiago continues his journey back to the shore, sharks are attracted to the trail of blood left by the marlin in the water. The first, a great mako shark, Santiago kills with his harpoon, losing that weapon in the process. He makes a new harpoon by strapping his knife to the end of an oar to help ward off the next line of sharks; in total, seven sharks are slain. But by night, the sharks have devoured the marlin’s entire carcass, leaving only its skeleton. The old man castigates himself for sacrificing the marlin. Finally reaching the shore before dawn on the next day, he struggles on the way to his shack, carrying the heavy mast on his shoulder. Once home, he slumps onto his bed and enters a very deep sleep.
Ignorant of the old man’s journey, a group of fishermen gathers the next day around the boat where the fish’s skeleton is still attached. Tourists at the nearby café mistakenly take it for a shark. Manolin, worried during the old man’s endeavor, cries upon finding him safe asleep. The boy brings him newspapers and coffee. When the old man wakes, they promise to fish together once again. Upon his return to sleep, Santiago dreams of lions on the African beach.
Reaction and critical analyses:
The Old Man and the Sea served to reinvigorate Hemingway’s literary reputation and prompted a reexamination of his entire body of work. The novella was initially received with much popularity; it restored many readers’ confidence in Hemingway’s capability as an author. Its publisher, Scribner’s, on an early dust jacket, called the novella a “new classic,“ and many critics favorably compared it with such works as William Faulkner’s “The Bear“ and Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick.
Following such extravagant acclaim, however, a school of critics emerged that interpreted the novella as a disappointing minor work. Notable in this shift from unqualified support is the critic Philip Young. In 1952, just following the novella’s publication, Young provided an admiring review, suggesting that it was the book “in which [Hemingway] said the finest single thing he ever had to say as well as he could ever hope to say it.“ Then, in 1966, he jeeringly noted that the “failed novel“ too often “went way out.“ These self-contradictory views show that critical reaction ranged from adoration of the book’s mythical, pseudo-religious intonations to flippant dismissal as pure fakery. The latter is founded in the notion that Hemingway, once a devoted student of realism, failed in his depiction of Santiago as a supernatural, clairvoyant impossibility.
[edit]
Critical views
One of the most celebrated favorable critical readings of the novella—and one which has defined analytical considerations since—came in 1957 with Joseph Waldmeir’s essay entitled “Confiteor Hominem: Ernest Hemingway’s Religion of Man.“ Perhaps the most memorable claim therein is his answer to the rhetorical question,
Just what is the book’s message?
The answer assumes a third level on which The Old Man and the Sea must be read—as a sort of allegorical commentary on all his previous work, by means of which it may be established that the religious overtones of The Old Man and the Sea are not peculiar to that book among Hemingway’s works, and that Hemingway has finally taken the decisive step in elevating what might be called his philosophy of Manhood to the level of a religion. (351)
Waldmeir was one of the most prominent critics to wholly consider the function of the novella’s Christian imagery, made most evident through Santiago’s blatant reference to the crucifixion following his sighting of the sharks that reads:
Ay, he said aloud. There is no translation for this word and perhaps it is just a noise such as a man might make, involuntarily, feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood. (Hemingway 107)
Waldmeir analyzes this line, supplemented with other instances of similar symbolism, in such a way that allows him to claim that The Old Man and the Sea was a seminal work in raising what he calls Hemingway’s “philosophy of Manhood“ to a religious level. Regardless of whether one agrees with this logic, his hallmark criticism, curiously sycophantic in tone, stands as one of the most durable, positive treatments of the novella.
On the other hand, one of the most outspoken critics who has emerged in the camp of dissenting opinion of the work is Robert P. Weeks. His notorious 1962 piece, “Fakery in The Old Man and the Sea,“ presents a series of points that he claims show how the novella is a weak and unexpected divergence from the typical, realistic Hemingway. In juxtaposing this novella against Hemingway’s previous works, he explains that
The difference, however, in the effectiveness with which Hemingway employs this characteristic device in his best work and in The Old Man and the Sea is illuminating. The work of fiction in which Hemingway devoted the most attention to natural objects, The Old Man and the Sea, is pieced out with an extraordinary quantity of fakery, extraordinary because one would expect to find no inexactness, no romanticizing of natural objects in a writer who loathed W.H. Hudson, could not read Thoreau, deplored Melville’s rhetoric in Moby Dick, and who was himself criticized by other writers, notably Faulkner, for his devotion to the facts and his unwillingness to “invent.“ (188)
While his dismissal is mostly limited to the story at hand (he refers to previous Hemingway works as “earlier glories“), the evident range of critical interpretations is a curiosity for a work so widely renowned as a masterpiece.
-reaffirming
怎样维持生态平衡急~~~~~
世界自然宪章 World Charter for Nature
（1982年10月28目联合国大会通过）
37/7. World Charter for Nature
The General Assembly,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the revised draft World Charter for Nature,
Recalling that, in its resolution 35/7 of 30 October 1980, it expressed its conviction that the benefits which could be obtained from nature depended on the maintenance of natural processes and on the diversity of life forms and that those benefits were jeopardized by the excessive exploitation and the destruction of natural habitats,
Further recalling that, in the same resolution, it recognized the need for appropriate measures at the national and international levels to protect nature and promote international co-operation in that field,
Recalling that, in its resolution 36/6 of 27 October 1981, it again expressed its awareness of the crucial importance attached by the international community to the promotion and development of co-operation aimed at protecting and safeguarding the balance and quality of nature and invited the Secretary-General to transmit to Member States the text of the revised version of the draft World Charter for Nature contained in the report of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on the draft World Charter for Nature, as well as any further observations by States, with a view to appropriate consideration by the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session,
Conscious of the spirit and terms of its resolutions 35/7 and 36/6, in which it solemnly invited Member States, in the exercise of their permanent sovereignty over their natural resources, to conduct their activities in recognition of the supreme importance of protecting natural systems, maintaining the balance and quality of nature and conserving natural resources, in the interests of present and future generations,
Having considered the supplementary report of the Secretary-General,
Expressing its gratitude to the Ad Hoc Group of Experts which, through its work, has assembled the necessary elements for the General Assembly to be able to complete the consideration of and adopt the revised draft World Charter for Nature at its thirty-seventh session, as it had previously recommended,
Adopts and solemnly proclaims the World Charter for Nature contained in the annex to the present resolution.
48th plenary meeting
28 October 1982
ANNEX
[编辑本段]World Charter for Nature (1982)
The General Assembly,
Reaffirming the fundamental purposes of the United Nations, in particular the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations among nations and the achievement of international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, technical, intellectual or humanitarian character,
Aware that:
(a) Mankind is a part of nature and life depends on the uninterrupted functioning of natural systems which ensure the supply of energy and nutrients,
(b) Civilization is rooted in nature, which has shaped human culture and influenced all artistic and scientific achievements, and living in harmony with nature gives man the best opportunities for the development of his creativity, and for rest and recreation,
Convinced that:
(a) Every form of life is unique, warranting respect regardless of its worth to man, and, to accord other organisms such recognition, man must be guided by a moral code of action,
(b) Man can alter nature and exhaust natural resources by his action or its consequences and, therefore, must fully recognize the urgency of maintaining the stability and quality of nature and of conserving natural resources,
Persuaded that:
(a) Lasting benefits from nature depend upon the maintenance of essential ecological processes and life support systems, and upon the diversity of life forms, which are jeopardized through excessive exploitation and habitat destruction by man,
(b) The degradation of natural systems owing to excessive consumption and misuse of natural resources, as well as to failure to establish an appropriate economic order among peoples and among States, leads to the breakdown of the economic, social and political framework of civilization,
(c) Competition for scarce resources creates conflicts, whereas the conservation of nature and natural resources contributes to justice and the maintenance of peace and cannot be achieved until mankind learns to live in peace and to forsake war and armaments,
Reaffirming that man must acquire the knowledge to maintain and enhance his ability to use natural resources in a manner which ensures the preservation of the species and ecosystems for the benefit of present and future generations,
Firmly convinced of the need for appropriate measures, at the national and international, individual and collective, and private and public levels, to protect nature and promote international co-operation in this field,
Adopts, to these ends, the present World Charter for Nature, which proclaims the following principles of conservation by which all human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged.
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. Nature shall be respected and its essential processes shall not be impaired.
2. The genetic viability on the earth shall not be compromised; the population levels of all life forms, wild and domesticated, must be at least sufficient for their survival, and to this end necessary habitat shall be safeguarded.
3. All areas of the earth, both land and sea, shall be subject to these principles of conservation; special protection shall be given to unique areas, to representative samples of all the different types of ecosystems and to the habitat of rare or endangered species.
4. Ecosystems and organisms, as well as the land, marine and atmospheric resources that are utilized by man, shall be managed to achieve and maintain optimum sustainable productivity, but not in such a way as to endanger the integrity of those other ecosystems or species with which they coexist.
5. Nature shall be secured against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities.
II. FUNCTIONS
6. In the decision-making process it shall be recognized that man’s needs can be met only by ensuring the proper functioning of natural systems and by respecting the principles set forth in the present Charter.
7. In the planning and implementation of social and economic development activities, due account shall be taken of the fact that the conservation of nature is an integral part of those activities.
8. In formulating long-term plans for economic development, population growth and the improvement of standards of living, due account shall be taken of the long-term capacity of natural systems to ensure the subsistence and settlement of the populations concerned, recognizing that this capacity may be enhanced through science and technology.
9. The allocation of areas of the earth to various uses shall be planned and due account shall be taken of the physical constraints, the biological productivity and diversity and the natural beauty of the areas concerned.
10. Natural resources shall not be wasted, but used with a restraint appropriate to the principles set forth in the present Charter, in accordance with the following rules:
(a) Living resources shall not be utilized in excess of their natural capacity for regeneration;
(b) The productivity of soils shall be maintained or enhanced through measures which safeguard their long-term fertility and the process of organic decomposition, and prevent erosion and all other forms of degradation;
(c) Resources, including water, which are not consumed as they are used shall be reused or recycled;
(d) Non-renewable resources which are consumed as they are used shall be exploited with restraint, taking into account their abundance, their rational possibilities of converting them for consumption, and the compatibility of their exploitation with the functioning of natural systems.
11. Activities which might have an impact on nature shall be controlled, and the best available technologies that minimize significant risks to nature or other adverse effects shall be used; in particular:
(a) Activities which are likely to cause irreversible damage to nature shall be avoided;
(b) Activities which are likely to pose a significant risk to nature shall be preceded by an exhaustive examination; their proponents shall demonstrate that expected benefits outweigh potential damage to nature, and where potential adverse effects are not fully understood, the activities should not proceed;
(c) Activities which may disturb nature shall be preceded by assessment of their consequences, and environmental impact studies of development projects shall be conducted sufficiently in advance, and if they are to be undertaken, such activities shall be planned and carried out so as to minimize potential adverse effects;
(d) Agriculture, grazing, forestry and fisheries practices shall be adapted to the natural characteristics and constraints of given areas;
(e) Areas degraded by human activities shall be rehabilitated for purposes in accord with their natural potential and compatible with the well-being of affected populations.
12. Discharge of pollutants into natural systems shall be avoided and:
(a) Where this is not feasible, such pollutants shall be treated at the source, using the best practicable means available;
(b) Special precautions shall be taken to prevent discharge of radioactive or toxic wastes.
13. Measures intended to prevent, control or limit natural disasters, infestations and diseases shall be specifically directed to the causes of these scourges and shall avoid averse side-effects on nature.
III. IMPLEMENTATION
14. The principles set forth in the present Charter shall be reflected in the law and practice of each State, as well as at the international level.
15. Knowledge of nature shall be broadly disseminated by all possible means, particularly by ecological education as an integral part of general education.
16. All planning shall include, among its essential elements, the formulation of strategies for the conservation of nature, the establishment of inventories of ecosystems and assessments of the effects on nature of proposed policies and activities; all of these elements shall be disclosed to the public by appropriate means in time to permit effective consultation and participation.
17. Funds, programmes and administrative structures necessary to achieve the objective of the conservation of nature shall be provided.
18. Constant efforts shall be made to increase knowledge of nature by scientific research and to disseminate such knowledge unimpeded by restrictions of any kind.
19. The status of natural processes, ecosystems and species shall be closely monitored to enable early detection of degradation or threat, ensure timely intervention and facilitate the evaluation of conservation policies and methods.
20. Military activities damaging to nature shall be avoided.
21. States and, to the extent they are able, other public authorities, international organizations, individuals, groups and corporations shall:
(a) Co-operate in the task of conserving nature through common activities and other relevant actions, including information exchange and consultations;
(b) Establish standards for products and other manufacturing processes that may have adverse effects on nature, as well as agreed methodologies for assessing these effects;
(c) Implement the applicable international legal provisions for the conservation of nature and the protection of the environment;
(d) Ensure that activities within their jurisdictions or control do not cause damage to the natural systems located within other States or in the areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction;
(e) Safeguard and conserve nature in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
22. Taking fully into account the sovereignty of States over their natural resources, each State shall give effect to the provisions of the present Charter through its competent organs and in co-operation with other States.
23. All persons, in accordance with their national legislation, shall have the opportunity to participate, individually or with others, in the formulation of decisions of direct concern to their environment, and shall have access to means of redress when their environment has suffered damage or degradation.
24. Each person has a duty to act in accordance with the provisions of the present Charter, acting individually, in association with others or through participation in the political process, each person shall strive to ensure that the objectives and requirements of the present Charter are met.
生态平衡 生态系统的概念：
生态系统中的能量流和物质循环在通常情况下（没有受到外力的剧烈干扰）总是平稳地进行着，与此同时生态系统的结构也保持相对的稳定状态，这叫做生态平衡。
在生态系统内部，生产者、消费者、分解者和非生物环境之间，在一定时间内保持能量与物质输入、输出动态的相对稳定状态。如果生态系统受到外界干扰超过它本身自动调节的能力，会导致生态平衡的破坏。生态平衡是生态系统在一定时间内结构和功能的相对稳定状态，其物质和能量的输入输出接近相等，在外来干扰下能通过自我调节（或人为控制）恢复到原初的稳定状态。当外来干扰超越生态系统的自我控制能力而不能恢复到原初状态时谓之生态失调或生态平衡的破坏。生态平衡是动态的。维护生态平衡不只是保持其原初稳定状态。生态系统可以在人为有益的影响下建立新的平衡，达到更合理的结构、更高效的功能和更好的生态效益。上述定义表明：
（1）自然生态系统经过由简单到复杂的长期演代，最后形成相对稳定状态，发展至此，其物种在种类和数量上保持相对稳定；能量的输入、输出接近相等，即系统中的能量流动和物质循环能较长时间保持平衡状态。此时，系统中的有机体将所有有效的空间都填满，环境资源能被最合理、最有效地利用。例如，热带雨林就是一种发展到成熟阶段的群落，其垂直分层现象明显，结构复杂，单位面积里的物种多，各自占据着有利的环境条件，彼此协调地生活在一起，其生产力也高；
（2）生态系统具有一定的内部调节能力。
（3）生态平衡是动态的。在生物进化和群落演替过程中就包含不断打破旧的平衡，建立新的平衡的过程。人类应从自然界中受到启示，不要消极地看待生态平衡，而是发挥主观能动性，去维护适合人类需要的生态平衡（如建立自然保护区），或打破不符合自身要求的旧平衡，建立新平衡（如把沙漠改造成绿洲），使生态系统的结构更合理，功能更完善，效益更高。
生态平衡是整个生物圈保持正常的生命维持系统的重要条件，为人类提供适宜的环境条件和稳定的物质资源。
生态平衡是指生态系统内两个方面的稳定：一方面是生物种类（即生物、植物、微生物.有机物）的组成和数量比例相对稳定；另一方面是非生物环境（包括空气、阳光、水、土壤等）保持相对稳定。生态平衡是一种动态平衡。比如，生物个体会不断发生更替，但总体上看系统保持稳定，生物数量没有剧烈变化。
生态系统一旦失去平衡，会发生非常严重的连锁性后果。例如，五十年代，我国曾发起把麻雀作为“四害“来消灭的运动。可是在大量捕杀了麻雀之后的几年里，却出现了严重的虫灾，使农业生产受到巨大的损失。
后来科学家们发现，麻雀是吃害虫的好手。消灭了麻雀，害虫没有了天敌，就大肆繁殖起来、导致了虫灾发生、农田绝收一系列惨痛的后果。生态系统的平衡往往是大自然经过了很长时间才建立起来的动态平衡。一旦受到破坏，有些平衡就无法重建了，带来的恶果可能是人的努力无法弥补的。因此人类要尊重生态平衡，帮助维护这个平衡，而绝不要轻易去破坏它。
其他定义：是指自然生态系统中生物与环境之间,生物与生物之间相互作用而建立起来的动态平衡联系。又称“自然平衡”。在自然界中，不论是森林、草原、湖泊------都是由动物、植物、微生物等生物成份和光、水、土壤、空气、温度等非生物成份所组成。每一个成分都并非是孤立存在的，而是相互联系、相互制约的统一综合体。它们之间通过相互作用达到一个相对稳定的平衡状态，称为生态平衡。实际上也就是在生态系统中生产、消费、分解之间地保持稳定。如果其中某一成分过于剧烈地发生改变，都可能出现一系列的连锁反应，使生态平衡遭到破坏。如果某种化学物质或某种化学元素过多地超过了自然状态下的正常含量，也会影响生态平衡。生态平衡是生物维持正常生长发育、生殖繁衍的根本条件，也是人类生存的基本条件！
生态平衡又称“自然平衡”。在自然界中，无论是森林、草原、湖泊------都是由动物、植物、微生物等生物成份和光、水、土壤、空气、温度等非生物成份所组成。每一个成分都并非是孤立存在的，而是相互联系、相互制约的统一综合体。它们之间通过相互作用达到一个相对稳定的平衡状态，称为生态平衡。实际上也就是在生态系统中生产、消费、分解之间地保持稳定。如果其中某一成分过于剧烈地发生改变，如大量繁殖，都可能出现一系列的连锁反应，使生态平衡遭到破坏。如果某种化学物质或某种化学元素过多地超过了自然状态下的正常含量，也会影响生态平衡。生态平衡是生物维持正常生长发育、生殖繁衍的根本条件，也是人类生存的基本条件。生态平衡遭到破坏，会使各类生物接灭绝。
-reaffirming
奥巴马就职演讲稿
楼上的是竞选胜利演讲，不对啊。
[size]My fellow citizens:
各位同胞：
I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
今天我站在这里，为眼前的重责大任感到谦卑，对各位的信任心怀感激，对先贤的牺牲铭记在心。我要谢谢布什总统为这个国家的服务，也感 谢他在政权转移期间的宽厚和配合。
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.
四十四位美国人发表过总统就职誓言，这些誓词或是在繁荣富强及和平宁静之际发表，或是在乌云密布，时局动荡之时。在艰困的时候，美国 能箕裘相继，不仅因为居高位者有能力或愿景，也因为人民持续对先人的抱负有信心，也忠于创建我国的法统。
So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
因此，美国才能承继下来。因此，这一代美国人必须承继下去。
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
现在大家都知道我们正置身危机核心，我国正处于对抗深远暴力和憎恨的战争。我们的经济元气大伤，是某些人贪婪且不负责任的后果，也是 大众未能做出艰难的选择，为国家进入新时代做淮备所致。许多人失去房子，丢了工作，生意垮了。我们的医疗照护太昂贵，学校教育辜负了 许多人。每天都有更多证据显示，我们利用能源的方式壮大我们的对敌，威胁我们的星球。
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
这些都是得自资料和统计数据的危机指标。比较无法测量但同样深沉的，是举国信心尽失—持续担心美国将无可避免地衰退，也害怕下一代一 定会眼界变低。
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met.
今天我要告诉各位，我们面临的挑战是真的，挑战非常严重，且不在少数。它们不是可以轻易，或在短时间内解决。但是，美国要了解，这些 挑战会被解决。
On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
在这一天，我们聚在一起，因为我们选择希望而非恐惧，有意义的团结而非纷争和不合。
On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
在这一天，我们来此宣示，那些无用的抱怨和虚伪的承诺已终结，那些扭曲我们政治已久的相互指控和陈旧教条已终结。
We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
我们仍是个年轻的国家，但借用圣经的话，摆脱幼稚事物的时刻到来了，重申我们坚忍精神的时刻到来了，选择我们更好的历史，实践那种代 代传承的珍贵权利，那种高贵的理念：就是上帝的应许，我们每个人都是平等的，每个人都是自由的，每个人都应该有机会追求全然的幸福。
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
再次肯定我们国家的伟大，我们了解伟大绝非赐予而来，必须努力达成。我们的旅程从来就不是抄捷径或很容易就满足。这条路一直都不是给 不勇敢的人走的，那些偏好逸乐胜过工作，或者只想追求名利就满足的人。恰恰相反，走这条路的始终是勇于冒险的人，做事的人，成事的人 ，其中有些人很出名，但更常见的是在各自岗位上的男男女女无名英雄，在这条漫长崎区的道路上支撑我们，迈向繁荣与自由。
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.
为了我们，他们携带很少的家当，远渡重洋，追寻新生活。
For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.
为了我们，他们胼手胝足，在西部安顿下来；忍受风吹雨打，筚路蓝缕。
For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sanh.
为了我们，他们奋斗不懈，在康科特和盖茨堡，诺曼地和溪山等地葬身。
Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
前人不断的奋斗与牺牲，直到双手皮开肉绽，我们才能享有比较好的生活。他们将美国视为大于所有个人企图心总和的整体，超越出身、财富 或小圈圈的差异。
This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions - that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.
这是我们今天继续前进的旅程。我们仍旧是全球最繁荣强盛的国家。这场危机爆发时，我们的劳工生产力并未减弱。我们的心智一样创新，我 们的产品和劳务和上周或上个月或去年相比，一样是必需品。我们的能力并未减损。但是我们墨守成规、维护狭小利益、推迟引人不悦的决定 ，这段时期肯定已经过去。从今天起，我们必须重新出发、再次展开再造美国的工程。
For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act - not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.
我们无论朝何处望去，都有工作必须完成。经济情势需要大胆、迅速的行动，我们将有所行动，不光是创造新工作，更要奠定成长的新基础。 我们将造桥铺路，为企业兴建电力网格与数位线路，将我们联系在一起。我们将让科学回归合适的用途，运用科技的奇迹来提高医疗品质并降 低费用。我们将利用太阳能、风力和土壤作为汽车的燃料和工厂的能源。我们将让中小学及大专院校转型，因应新时代的需要。这些我们可以 作到。我们也将会作到。[/
-reaffirming
Rio de Janeiro是什么意思
是里约热内卢的意思。
Rio de Janeiro
[英][ˈri(:)əudədʒəˈniərəu][美][ˈriodeʒəˈnɛro, di-, ˈriʊdɪʒɪˈnerʊ]
里约热内卢（巴西港市，州名）;
Reaffirming the outcome document, entitled “ the future we want ”, of the united nations conference on sustainable development, held in rio de janeiro, brazil, from 20 to 22 june 2012,-reaffirming
重申2012年6月20日至22日在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会题为“我们希望的未来”的成果文件
里约热内卢（葡萄牙语：Rio de Janeiro，意即“一月的河”），有时简称为里约，曾经是巴西（1763年–1960年）及葡萄牙帝国首都（1808年–1821年），位于巴西东南部沿海地区，在1960年以前为巴西首都，东南濒临大西洋，海岸线长636公里。里约热内卢属于热带草原气候，终年高温，一年中有明显的干季和湿季。-reaffirming
reaffirming的意思
reaffirming的意思是：v.重申; 再次确定;
英[ˌriːəˈfɜːmɪŋ]
美[ˌriːəˈfɜːrmɪŋ]
[词典] reaffirm的现在分词;
[例句]Reaffirming the principle of the permanent sovereignty of peoples under foreign occupation over their natural resources.
重申外国占领下的各国人民对其自然资源享有永久主权的原则。
-reaffirming
奥巴马就职演讲用了哪些修辞
2009年1月21日美国第44届总统奥巴马正式宣誓就职,发表了举世瞩目的总统就职演说。奥巴马的当选适逢美国内外交困之际,美国经济面临着严重挑战,美国人期待奥巴马带领他们走出困境,世界各国也关注着奥巴马政府的对外政策走向,奥巴马的就职演说一时间成为了世界的焦点。总统就职演说的目的就是激起听众的热情,说服听众接受其政治主张并采取相应的行动。就职演说都是经过事先精心准备的,并往往借助各种修辞手段来调动听众的注意力,使演说更生动、更准确、更有感染力。奥巴马的演说一直倍受人们的青睐,那
么他的总统就职演说辞是如何使用各种修辞手段来增强说服力,达到演说目的的呢? 为了帮助非英语读者更好地阅读和欣赏奥巴马就职演说辞的精彩之处,作者拟对奥巴马就职演说辞的修辞手法进行分析,同时亦探讨其汉译问题。鉴于网络上的汉译文本鱼龙混杂,我们只选取了其中一个较有代表性的、被转载较多的
译本作为参照分析,即中国日报网环球在线刊登的“第44任美国总统贝拉克•奥巴马就职演说”(以下简称CN译文) 。[ 1 ]
一、奥巴马就职演说辞的主要内容和修辞手法
奥巴马在就职演说中重温了美国的政治理念,呼吁美国民众树立坚强的信心,提高公民责任感,团结一致面对各种挑战和困难。演说辞大概可以分为四个部分:首先,奥巴马对自己的当选表示感谢,又指出美国正面临着严重的、短期内不可能解决的经济危机,呼吁美国民众选择希望来克服恐惧,联合起来解决矛盾,并坚信美国一定会度过难关;第二部分,奥巴马通过回顾过去,指出美国民族的伟大不是赠与的,而是赢取的,呼吁美国人民准备重建美国的征程;第三部分,奥巴马陈述了新一任美国政府的施政纲领,内容涉及美国生活、经济、政治、军事、外交、宗教等方方面面,强调美国必须改变;在演讲的最后一部分,奥巴马再次以革命先辈的无畏和献身精神,鼓舞人民重拾坚毅的美国精神,增强责任感,团结一致,面对共同的危机。在奥巴马长达2380多字的就职演说辞中,各种修辞手法贯穿全文,俯拾皆是,有排比、反复、对照、层进、音韵、隐喻等等,有时
是单独运用某种修辞格,但更多的是综合地运用修辞格。修辞是最有效地运用语言表达思想感情的一门艺术,在演说辞中恰当地运用各类修辞格可使观点更鲜明突出,表达更形象生动,语言更铿锵有韵,从而给听众以强烈的感染力和深刻的印象。“连续地、交叉地使用各种修辞手段, (可)使其作品更加完美、更加富有感
染力”。[ 2 ]
目前关于英语演说修辞的汉译研究并不多,而作为公众演讲的一个重要组成部分,总统就职演说辞的修辞运用和翻译显然是很值得探讨的一项内容。由于篇幅所限,下面只选取奥巴马总统就职演说辞中一些精彩的片段加以分析。
二、奥巴马就职演说辞的修辞赏析与翻译
1. 排比反复及其翻译。排比结构是英语演讲中最常使用的一种修辞手段。排比就是把结构相同或相似、意义相关、语气一致的几个词组或句子并列使用,便于表达强烈的感情,突出所强调的内容,增强语言的气势,增强语言的韵律美。反复也是一种常用的修辞手段。通过对重点词、重要概念的多次重复,可以引起读者或听者的注意,给人以较深刻的印象。[ 3 ]例(1) : Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real.They are serious and they are many. Theywill not be met easily or ina short span of time. But know this, America, they will be met.
在这一段里,奥巴马用简单易懂的文字和简洁的语句,既肯定了美国正面临严重的危机,又表达了克服危机的坚定信心,因而博得了全场听众热烈的掌声。文中的“they”回指首句的“chal2lenge”,“they”反复出现了四次,起到了强调的作用。CN译文:今天我要说,我们的确面临着很多严峻的挑战,而且在短期内不大可能轻易解决。但是我们要相信,我们一定会度过难关。显然, CN译文只译出了内容,但却没能译出原文铿锵有力之
语势。我国翻译家沈苏儒先生说过:“最难翻译的是最明白的最简短的句子”。[ 4 ]可见简单句并不能简单地翻译了事。鉴于英汉语的代词使用会有差异,英译汉时应该将英语的代词转译成汉语的名词,才有利于达到功能的对等。试改译为:今天,我对你们说,我们的确面临严峻,挑战有许多,挑战在短期内将不可能轻易解决。但是,要相信,美国一定会战胜困难。反复和排比结合使用,既可以强调重点,突出作者的思想感情,又可以分清层次,增强节奏感。[ 5 ]奥巴马的就职演说辞中,几乎每个段落都能找到排比的影子,既有词组或短语的排比,又有
句子和段落的排比,而且又往往结合反复一起使用,从而大大增强了演讲的表达力和感染力。
例(2) :We remain a young nation, but in the words of scrip ture,the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come toreaffirm our enduring sp irit; to choose our better history; to carry for2ward that p recious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation togeneration: the God - given p romise that all are equal, all are free andall deserve a chance to pursue their fullmeasure of happ iness.这一段首先重复了“the time has come”这个句型,目的是要引起美国民众对新时期赋予的历史重任的足够重视。第二句“Thetime has come. . . ”中用了三个排比的不定式短语“to reaffirm ourenduring sp irit”、“to choose our better history”、“to carry forward thatp recious gift”,作定语修饰主语“The time”,进一步明确了时代重任的内涵,句中的三个排比句“all are equal”,“all are free”和“all
deserve a chance”用于修饰“p romise”,鲜明地表达了美国经久不变的建国理念。演讲再次获得了听众热烈的掌声。
CN译文:美国仍是一个年轻的国家,借用《圣经》的话说,放弃幼稚的时代已经到来了。重拾坚韧精神的时代已经到来,我们要为历史作出更好的选择,我们要秉承历史赋予的宝贵权利,秉承那种代代相传的高贵理念:上帝赋予我们每个人以平等和自由,以及每个人尽全力去追求幸福的机会。我们认为, CN译文已经译出了文本的内容,但是关于第二句的翻译,如能稍作修改,也许更能突出原文排比修辞的特点。譬如将“that p recious gift”的同位语从句“that noble idea. . . ”用破折号加以表示,并把其中的定语从句“that all are equal, all are free
and all deserve a chance to pursue their fullmeasure of happ iness. ”分出来译。
试改译为:美国仍然是一个年轻的国家,借用《圣经》的话说,摈弃幼稚的时代已经到来了。重拾坚毅的精神,选择更好的历史的时代已经到来了。我们要秉承宝贵的礼物———也就是我们代代相传的崇高理念:上帝赋予我们人人平等、人人自由、人人都有机会追求最大的幸福。
2. 层进及其翻译。层进是指在排列句子成分时,根据由浅入深,从小到大,从轻到重,由少到多,从低到高的原则,选择恰当的词语,使语义层层递增,起到加强语义的作用。[ 6 ]奥巴马的就职演说辞的很多句子和段落都有运用层进的修辞手法来加强表达效果。
例( 3 ) : We are shaped by every language and culture, drawnfrom every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitterswill of civilwar and segregation, and emerged from that dark chap terstronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old ha2treds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve;that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal it2self; and thatAmerica must p lay its role in ushering in a new era of
peace.
这是一个较为复杂的长句,句中有句,辞格套辞格,复杂的句子结构既说明了美国多元文化的复杂性,又展现出奥巴马运用语言的娴熟和技巧。句中不但运用了隐喻的修辞手法,譬如把“civilwar and segregation (内战和种族隔离) ”比作“bitter swill (苦辣的泔水) ”,又用“that dark chap ter (黑暗的篇章) ”喻指内战和种族隔
离;而且四个并列的宾语从句“( believe) that. . . ; that. . . ; that. . . ;and that. . . ”在语义上层层递进,节奏逐步加强,再一次把演讲推向了高潮。
CN译文:我们民族的成长受到许多语言和文化的影响,我们吸取了这个星球上任何一个角落的有益成分。正是因为我们民族曾亲尝过内战和种族隔离的苦酒,并且在经历了这些黑色的篇章之后变得更加强大更加团结,因此我们不由自主,只能相信一切仇恨终有一天都会成为过去,种族的划分不久就会消失,而且随着世界变得越来越小,我们相信终有一天人类共有的人性品德将会自动显现。在迎接新的和平时代到来的过程中,美国需要发挥自己的作用。
CN译文的可取之处是把句中的隐喻“have tasted the bitterswill of civilwar and segregation”译为“曾亲尝过内战和种族隔离的苦酒”,这比起直译为“曾亲尝过内战和种族隔离的苦辣的泔水”应该更容易被汉语的读者接受。但也许是翻译时间的短促,个别地方的翻译很值得商榷,譬如把“drawn from every end of thisEarth”译为“吸取了这个星球上任何一个角落的有益成分”似乎有误,因为“drawn from every end of this Earth”是过去分词短语,用于修饰“language and culture”,所以“We are shaped by every languageand culture, drawn from every end of this Earth”整句话的意思应该是“我们受到世界各地语言和文化的影响”。另外, CN译文的选词和造句也有待雕琢,譬如把“we cannot help but believe”译成“我们不由自主,只能相信”就显得很拗口;把“ushering”译为“迎接”也不够贴切,等等。
我们知道,“英语侧重形合,注重运用各种有形的联结手段达到语法形式和逻辑形式两方面的完整,概念指代分明,句子结构严密,层次一环扣一环”。[ 7 ]“汉语重意合,形式机制弱,多用短句、分句或流水句, 偏正复句中的正句与偏句之间也往往省略连词。”[ 8 ]因此,翻译时要认真考虑汉英语言机制和表达的侧重点的不同,要用简洁的语言并恰当地配合标点符号,才能译出语篇的内容、文体和风格。试改译为:我们受到世界各地语言和文化的影响,又因为我们民族曾亲尝过内战和种族隔离的苦酒,并且在经历了这黑色的篇章之后变得更加强大和更加团结,我们不得不相信:仇恨终将过去,种族界限即将消失;随着世界的缩小,我们共同的人性将会显现;在引领新的和平时代到来的过程中,美国一定会发挥自己的作用。
3. 对照及其翻译。奥巴马的就职演说辞中使用较多的另一种修辞手法是对照。对照就是把意义对立的词、词组或句子排列在一起以形成鲜明的对比。在就职演说中恰当运用对照,可以通过矛盾揭示本质,通过对立事物的互相映衬,给人以深刻的印象。[ 9 ]奥巴马的就职演说辞的第5、7、10、18、21、24、28、31等段落
都运用了对照的修辞手法, 有时使用关联词语如“ rather”,“but”, “ instead ”, “ not whether. . . but whether. . . ”, “ not. . .but. . . ”等,有时不用关联词语。例(4) : In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understandthat greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has__never been one of shortcuts or settling for less. It has not been thepath for the faint - hearted———for those who p refer leisure overwork,or seek only the p leasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been therisk - takers, the doers, the makers of things———some celebrated butmore oftenmen and women obscure in their labor, who have carried usup the long, rugged path towards p rosperity and freedom.在这一段落中,奥巴马在重申美国是个伟大的国家的同时,指出伟大不是天赐的,而是需要努力赢得的,用“that greatness isnever a given”与“Itmust be earned”对照,目的是强调后者。接着,两个否定句“Our journey has never been. . . ”和“Our journey hasnever been. . . ”又与后面的肯定句“Rather, it has been the risk -
takers, the doers, the makers of things. . . ”形成对照, 使用了关联词语“Rather”来引起听众的注意,说明美国能走到今天并不容易,突出强调了广大美国民众的默默奉献对国家繁荣和自由的重要意义。这样,通过前后事物鲜明的对照,成功地激发了听众的思想感情,给听众留下了深刻的印象。
CN译文:在重申我们国家伟大之处的同时,我们深知伟大从来不是上天赐予的,伟大需要努力赢得。(我们的民族一路走来) ,这旅途之中从未有过捷径或者妥协,这旅途也不适合胆怯之人、或者爱安逸胜过爱工作之人、或者单单追求名利之人。这条路是勇于承担风险者之路,是实干家、创造者之路。这其中有一些人名留青史,但是更多的人却在默默无闻地工作着。正是这些人带领我们走过了漫长崎岖的旅行,带领我们走向富强
-reaffirming
