埃及开罗的景点英语介绍
Cairo Overview
Cairo, which Egyptians proudly call the ‘Mother of All Cities’, spreads along the banks of the River Nile for 40km (25 miles) north to south, the largest metropolis in Africa. Travelers through the ages have been both fascinated and repelled by Cairo. Visitors are intrigued by its twisting streets, medieval buildings, oriental bazaars and Islamic architecture of carved domes and sculpted minarets, while being appalled by its dirt, pollution, noise, crowds and constant demands for baksheesh (gratuities). Paying baksheesh is the local custom, however, so expect to give little advertisement
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and often. Culture shock is part of the experience of Cairo and can at times be wearing. But as is written in the ancient tales of the 1001 Nights, ‘He who hath not seen Cairo, hath not seen the world’.
Cairo is a disorienting place but most of the city lies on the east bank of the River Nile. Visitors often feel most comfortable finding their feet in the Westernised downtown district of central Cairo around Midan Tahrir (Liberation Square). This is a public transport hub, separated from the Nile by the massive Nile Hilton Hotel. Here too is the city center’s main attraction, the Egyptian Museum. Opposite downtown is the Nile island of Gezira, with the island of Roda just to the south. The Pyramids of Giza, however, are on the west bank of the river, some 18km (11 miles) from the center. Old Cairo lies south of central Cairo, while Islamic Cairo encompasses a large area to the east. The city is growing rapidly, both in terms of population and geographical area, with new suburbs expanding on its outskirts, especially into the Eastern Desert. Northwest of the city center, near the airport, Heliopolis is home to many of Cairo’s wealthy (and the Presidential Palace), while to the west, the middle-class suburb of Giza has expanded to within sight of the Pyramids.
Although Cairo today is Egypt’s capital and largest city, teeming with some 18 million people, its position of prominence in the long timeline of Egyptian history is relatively recent. It did not even exist when the pyramids at Giza were constructed. Then, the town of Memphis, 24km (15 miles) to the south, was the Pharaonic capital. Cairo was not founded until the Romans rebuilt an old Persian fortress along the Nile in AD116, which was known as Babylon-in-Egypt, in today’s Old Cairo district.
From the latter ninth century, a succession of Arab rulers made their mark on the city: Ibn Tulun built his royal city el-Qatai, the Fatimids built the walled city of el-Qahira, from which Cairo takes it name. In the 13th century, the Mamluks, a caste of Turkish soldier-slaves, rose to power, then the Ottomans, the French under Napoleon and finally the British ruled in their turn. The birth of modern Cairo came in 1863, when the ruler Ismail expanded the city along the Nile in the style of the great European cities. After the country returned to Egyptian rule in 1952, Cairo rose to the forefront as the capital of the Arab world.
Cairo is also called the ‘City of 1000 Minarets’ and it is the exotic skyline of graceful domes and towering minarets that casts a spell of magic over the grinding reality of the metropolis. Most visitors come to see the great Pyramids of Giza, the treasures of Tutankhamun’s tomb and other wonders in the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, as well as to shop in the sprawling Khan al-Khalili marketplace. There are also dozens of mosques, Coptic churches, smaller museums and winding streets to explore. This tourism is Egypt’s key source of foreign income, while the public sector, including government and social services and the military, makes up the largest ‘industry’. The city is also the center of a growing trade, finance and insurance sector.
During the summer, temperatures in Cairo can climb to 38 degrees Celsius, though the low humidity is some consolation. The best time to visit is between October and April. Occasional downpours occur in January and February, while during March and April the khamseen, a strong, hot, dry wind, blows in periodically from the desert.
还有个版本
Dubbed the Mother of the World, Cairo has been the largest city in Africa and the Middle East for most of the last millennium. Its population, now estimated at 20 million, continues to swell, and the city gobbles up more farmland and desert every year to accommodate the growth.
During rush hour in Tahrir Square, nothing moves but car horns. Once the gridlock breaks, a smoke-spewing bus jammed with riders overtakes a donkey-drawn vegetable cart, a bicycle beats out a stalled Mercedes and two taxis collide. Women clasp each other’s hands to cross the street, gracefully slipping their bodies between passing cars with a hair’s breadth to spare.
The amount of green space per resident is said to be smaller than a child’s palm. Breathing the city’s air pollution is like smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. Despite the despair and madness of Cairo, foreigners have flocked here since the dawn of leisure travel. Travelers are seduced by the romance of Egypt’s pyramids and desert, which evoke a feeling of eternity few can deny.
Cairo has a timeless quality most travelers relish. There’s perhaps no better example than Khan el-Khalili, the city’s 600-year-old bazaar. Goldsmiths, woodworkers, and tentmakers in the Khan carry on crafts passed down since medieval times.
Shades of wealth and modernity exist in Cairo. You’ll see working women wearing chic Chanel headscarves to match their gold and black pantsuits, and hotels as grand as anything in Manhattan. But once you leave the faint glimmer of downtown Cairo and venture into its labyrinthine neighborhoods, you’ll wonder where time has gone.
Life in Cairo revolves around family and religion. Almost without exception, children remain with their families until marriage. About 90 percent of Egypt’s population is Muslim; the rest are mainly Christian. Reflections of Islam are everywhere: in Egyptian speech and dress, on the radio and television, and with the unforgettable call to prayer that bellows from the city’s mosques five times a day.
Cairo is really a jigsaw puzzle of the past, and each district tells a different chapter in Egypt’s history, from the pharaonic dynasties to the 20th-century British occupation. The area was first settled some 2,500 years ago, when Persians put a fortress called Egypt-in-Babylon near what is now known as Old Cairo.
Old Cairo maintains some of the world’s oldest Christian churches, as Egypt was among the first nations to embrace the faith. Saint Mark the Apostle began preaching to Egyptians in A.D. 35, although the Roman Empire didn’t accept Christianity until the 4th century. The Coptic Christians living in Old Cairo today descend from these early worshipers.
Cairo’s Muslim roots go back to A.D.640, when the Arab general Amr led 3,500 horsemen into Egypt under the banner of Islam. The army founded Fustat, “City of the Tent,“ near the old fortress at Babylon. For the next thousand years, a succession of dynasties ruled over Egypt as part of the Islamic Empire. Cairo got its modern name when the Fatimids seized control in A.D.969. Three of the 60 original gates to this walled city, El Qahira, still stand today.
Orienting yourself in Cairo requires patience. Streets aren’t always marked and Egyptians are notorious for creative directions. Most of the city lies to the Nile’s east. On the Nile itself are two islands. The northern island is Gezira, whose northern half is called Zamalek; to the south is Roda Island. Just east of the river is Tahrir Square, the hub of downtown Cairo. Garden City, where many embassies are located, is adjacent to Tahrir Square.
To Tahrir’s northeast are Ramsis train station and el-Azhar bus station. Residential neighborhoods to the north are Shubra, Abbasiyya, and Heliopolis. South of Tahrir is Sayida Zeinab, or Islamic Cairo, and south of that is Old Cairo, also known as the Coptic Quarter. Even further south is the upper-class Maadi
一个奇怪的问题，相信大家都有这样的疑问
记忆幻觉
The term déjà vu (French: “already seen“, also called paramnesia) describes the experience of feeling that one has witnessed or experienced a new situation previously. The term was created by a French psychic researcher, Émile Boirac (1851–1917) in his book L’Avenir des sciences psychiques (The Future of Psychic Sciences), which expanded upon an essay he wrote while an undergraduate French concentrator at the University of Chicago. The experience of déjà vu is usually accompanied by a compelling sense of familiarity, and also a sense of “eerieness,“ “strangeness,“ or “weirdness.“ The “previous“ experience is most frequently attributed to a dream, although in some cases there is a firm sense that the experience “genuinely happened“ in the past.
The experience of déjà vu seems to be very common; in formal studies 70% or more of the population report having experienced it at least once. References to the experience of déjà vu are also found in literature of the past, indicating it is not a new phenomenon. However, in laboratory settings, it is extremely difficult to invoke the déjà vu experience, making it a subject with few empirical studies.
Contents
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* 1 Types of déjà vu
o 1.1 Déjà vécu
o 1.2 Déjà senti
o 1.3 Déjà visité
* 2 Scientific research
o 2.1 Links with disorders
o 2.2 Pharmacology
o 2.3 Memory-based Explanations
o 2.4 Neuronal Theories
o 2.5 Parapsychology
o 2.6 Dreams
* 3 Related phenomena
* 4 Popular references
* 5 See also
* 6 References and notes
* 7 External links
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Types of déjà vu
According to Arthur Funkhouser there are three types of déjà vu:
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Déjà vécu
Usually translated ’already seen’ or ’already lived through,’ déjà vécu is described in a quotation from David Copperfield by Charles Dickens:
We have all some experience of a feeling, that comes over us occasionally, of what we are saying and doing having been said and done before, in a remote time - of our having been surrounded, dim ages ago, by the same faces, objects, and circumstances - of our knowing perfectly what will be said next, as if we suddenly remember it!
When most people speak of déjà vu, they are actually experiencing déjà vécu. Surveys have revealed that about one third of the population have had these experiences, more often (and perhaps more intense) in people between the ages of 15 and 25. The experience is usually related to a very banal event, but is so striking that it is remembered for years afterwards.
Déjà vécu refers to an experience involving more than just sight, which is why labeling such “déjà vu“ is usually inaccurate. The sense involves a great amount of detail, sensing that everything is just as it was before. Because of this, theories that the situation was just read about earlier or experienced in a previous life are invalid, as those experiences could not recreate the exact situation due to a lack of sense involvement or the presence of modern surroundings.
More recently, the term déjà vécu has been used to describe very intense and persistent feelings of a déjà vu type, which occur as part of a memory disorder. As described in Moulin, C.J.A., Conway, M.A. Thompson, R.G., James, N. & Jones, R.W. (2005). Disordered Memory Awareness: Recollective Confabulation in Two Cases of Persistent Déjà vecu. Neuropsychologia, 43 :1362-1378.
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Déjà senti
Dr. John Hughlings Jackson recorded the words of one of his patients who suffered from temporal lobe or psychomotor epilepsy in an 1889 paper:
What is occupying the attention is what has occupied it before, and indeed has been familiar, but has been for a time forgotten, and now is recovered with a slight sense of satisfaction as if it had been sought for. ... At the same time, or ... more accurately in immediate sequence, I am dimly aware that the recollection is fictitious and my state abnormal. The recollection is always started by another person’s voice, or by my own verbalized thought, or by what I am reading and mentally verbalize; and I think that during the abnormal state I generally verbalize some such phrase of simple recognition as ’Oh yes - I see’, ’Of course - I remember’, &c., but a minute or two later I can recollect neither the words nor the verbalized thought which gave rise to the recollection. I only find strongly that they resemble what I have felt before under similar abnormal conditions.
This phenomenon specifies something ’already felt.’ Unlike the implied precognition of déjà vécu, déjà senti is primarily or even exclusively a mental happening, has no precognitive aspects, and rarely if ever remains in the afflicted person’s memory afterwards.
As with Dr. Jackson’s patient, some temporal-lobe epileptics may experience this phenomenon.
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Déjà visité
This experience is less common and involves an uncanny knowledge of a new place. Here one may know his or her way around in a new town or landscape while at the same time knowing that this should not be possible.
Dreams, reincarnation and also out-of-body travel have been evoked to explain this phenomenon. Additionally, some suggest that reading a detailed account of a place can result in this feeling when the locale is later visited. Two famous examples of such a situation were described by Nathaniel Hawthorne in his book Our Old Home and Sir Walter Scott in Guy Mannering. Hawthorne recognized the ruins of a castle in England and later was able to trace the sensation to a piece written about the castle by Alexander Pope two hundred years earlier.
C. G. Jung published an account of déjà visité in his 1966 paper On synchronicity.
In order to distinguish déjà visité from déjà vécu, it is important to identify the source of the feeling. Déjà vécu is in reference to the temporal occurrences and processes, while déjà visité has more to do with geography and spatial dimensions.
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Scientific research
In recent years, déjà vu has been subjected to serious psychological and neurophysiological research. The most likely candidate for explanation, according to scientists in these fields, is that déjà vu is not an act of “precognition“ or “prophecy“ but is actually an anomaly of memory; it is the impression that an experience is “being recalled“ which is false. This is substantiated to an extent by the fact that in most cases the sense of “recollection“ at the time is strong, but any circumstances of the “previous“ experience (when, where and how the earlier experience occurred) are quite uncertain. Likewise, as time passes, subjects can exhibit a strong recollection of having the “unsettling“ experience of déjà vu itself, but little to no recollection of the specifics of the event(s) or circumstances they were “remembering“ when they had the déjà vu experience, and in particular, this may result from an overlap between the neurological systems responsible for short-term memory (events which are perceived as being in the present) and those responsible for long-term memory (events which are perceived as being in the past).
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Links with disorders
A clinical correlation has been found between the experience of déjà vu and disorders such as schizophrenia and anxiety, and the likelihood of the experience increases considerably with subjects having these conditions. However, the strongest pathological association of déjà vu is with temporal lobe epilepsy. This correlation has led some researchers to speculate that the experience of déjà vu is possibly a neurological anomaly related to improper electrical discharge in the brain. As most people suffer a mild (i.e. non-pathological) epileptic episode regularly (e.g. the sudden “jolt“, a hypnagogic jerk, that frequently occurs just prior to falling asleep), it is conjectured that a similar (mild) neurological aberration occurs in the experience of déjà vu, resulting in an erroneous sensation of memory.
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Pharmacology
It has been reported that certain recreational drugs increase the chances of déjà vu occurring in the user. Interestingly, some pharmacological drugs, when taken together, have also been implicated in the cause of déjà vu. Taiminen and Jääskeläinen (2001) reported the case of an otherwise healthy male who started experiencing intense and recurrent sensations of déjà vu on taking the drugs amantadine and phenylpropanolamine together to relieve flu symptoms. He found the experience so interesting that he completed the full course of his treatment and reported it to the psychologists to write-up as a case study. Due to the dopaminergic action of the drugs and previous findings from electrode stimulation of the brain (e.g. Bancaud, Brunet-Bourgin, Chauvel, & Halgren, 1994), Taiminen and Jääskeläinen speculate that déjà vu occurs as a result of hyperdopaminergic action in the mesial temporal areas of the brain.
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Memory-based Explanations
The similarity between a déjà vu-eliciting stimulus and an existing, but different, memory trace may lead to the sensation. Thus, encountering something which evokes the implicit associations of an experience or sensation that cannot be remembered may lead to déjà vu. In an effort to experimentally reproduce the sensation, Banister and Zangwill (1941) used hypnosis to give participants posthypnotic amnesia suggestions for material they had already seen. When this was later re-encountered, the restricted activation caused by the posthypnotic amnesia resulted in three of the 10 participants reporting what the authors termed paramnesias. Memory-based explanations may lead to the development of a number of non-invasive experimental methods by which a long sought-after analogue of déjà vu can be reliable produced, in order that it can be tested under well-control experimental conditions.
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Neuronal Theories
In the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, it was widely believed that déjà vu could be caused by the mis-timing of neuronal firing. This timing error was thought to lead the brain to believe that it was encountering a stimulus for the second time, when in fact, it was simply re-experiencing the same event from a slightly delayed source. A number of variations of these theories exist, with miscommunication of the two cerebral hemispheres and abnormally fast neuronal firing also given as explanations for the sensation. Perhaps the most widely acknowledged neuronal theory is the optical pathway delay theory which explains déjà vu as being the product of a delayed optical input from one eye. Closely following the input from the first eye (when it should be simultaneous), this misleads conscious awareness and suggests a sensation of familiarity when there should not be one. Although intuitively plausible, this theory is untestable due to the minute times involved in neuronal firing, and inconsistent with reports that blind individuals experience déjà vu in the same way as sighted individuals (O’Connor & Moulin, 2006).
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Parapsychology
Déjà vu is associated with precognition, clairvoyance or extra-sensory perceptions, and it is frequently cited as evidence for “psychic“ abilities in the general population. Non-scientific explanations attribute the experience to prophecy, visions (such as received in dreams) or past-life memories.
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Dreams
Some believe déjà vu is the memory of dreams. The reasoning goes like this: though the majority of dreams are never remembered, a dreaming person can display activity in the areas of the brain that process long-term memory. Perhaps a dream can read directly into long-term memory, bypassing short-term memory entirely. In this case, déjà vu might be a memory of a forgotten dream with elements in common with the current “awake“ experience. This may be similar to another phenomenon known as deja rêvé, or “already dreamed.“
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Related phenomena
* Jamais vu: From the French, meaning “never seen,“ the expression means explicitly not remembering having seen something before. The person knows it has happened before, but the experience feels unfamiliar. Often described as the opposite of déjà vu, jamais vu involves a sense of eeriness and the observer’s impression of seeing the situation for the first time, despite rationally knowing that he or she has been in the situation before. Jamais vu is sometimes associated with certain types of amnesia and epilepsy. An old internet joke referred to this feeling as “vujà dé.“
* Presque vu: From the French language, meaning “almost seen,“ the expression means almost, but not quite, remembering something. Often very disorienting and distracting, presque vu rarely leads to an actual breakthrough. Frequently, one experiencing presque vu will say that they have something “on the tip of their tongue“. Presque vu is often cited by people who suffer from epilepsy or other seizure-related brain conditions, such as temporal lobe lability.
* Déjà éprouvé: “already attempted or tried“
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Popular references
* In the 1999 film The Matrix, the character of Neo experiences déjà vu (though the experience somewhat differs: Neo sees a black cat go past twice consecutively). Trinity explains to Neo that “a déjà vu is usually a glitch in the Matrix. It happens when [the Machines] change something.“
* In the 1998 anime Card Captor Sakura, the character of Sakura experiences déjà vu, caused by a Clow Card.
* The 1993 film Groundhog Day documents a rather pertinent (to the main character, at least) realisation of this phenomenon.
* Déjà vu is a 1989 Polish-Soviet comedy film by Juliusz Machulski.
* Déjà vu is the name of a Giant Inverted Boomerang (“Super Invertigo“) roller coaster by Vekoma that is operating at Six Flags Great America, Six Flags Magic Mountain and Six Flags Over Georgia.
* Comedian George Carlin invented an alternate phenomenon he called vujà dé, or “the feeling that somehow, none of this has ever happened before!“
* Deja vu is the name of a Silver Age Batman villain.
* American singer/songwriter John Fogerty wrote a song called (somewhat redundantly) “Déjá Vu (All Over Again).“
* Decades before, however, Yogi Berra said “It’s like déjà vu all over again“ (one of many famous Yogiisms.)
* Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young recorded a song called “Deja Vu“ for an album of the same name in 1970. The song’s recurring theme was David Crosby singing “... and I feel like I’ve been here before.“
* There is a short story by Stephen King called “That Feeling, You Can Only Say What It Is in French“, which deals with a subject’s horrifying deja vu experiences.
* Deja Vu is also the name of a band from the Faroe Islands which plays rock/pop music.
* The Spice Girls sing “tell me will this déjà vu ever end...“ in their song “Say You’ll Be There“.
* Deja Vu is the name of a computer game and NES game published by Seika.
* Deja Vu, Presque Vu and Jamais Vu are mentioned in Joseph Heller’s 1961 novel Catch-22 and play a large role in Kim Stanley Robinson’s 1996 novel Blue Mars.
* Deja Vu is also the name of an Iron Maiden song.
* “Jamais Vu“ is the name of a song written by alternative band Dredg.
* The term Deja vu was used in the Charmed season 1 episode Deja vu all over again as Tempus resets time to succeed in killing all three Charmed ones.
* Deja Vu is also the name of the second campaign mission for the Soviets in the computer game Yuri’s Revenge, as it put the player on the opposing side of an Allied mission from the original Red Alert 2.
* The band Dream Theater has a song called “Strange déjà vu“.
* Deja Vu is a song by Beyonce Knowles featuring Jay-Z.
* Déjà Vu is a song by the Yeah Yeah Yeahs.
* Déjà Vu is a song by brazilian alternative band Pitty.
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See also
* Psychology
* Phenomenon
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References and notes
* Neppe Déjà Vu Research and Theory. Pacific Neuropsychiatric Institute. Retrieved on November 29, 2005.
1. ^ Dickens, Charles (1991). Personal History of David Copperfield. Time Warner Libraries. ISBN 1879329018.
* Funkhouser, Arthur (1996). “Three types of deja vu“.
* J. H. Jackson (1888). “A particular variety of epilepsy “intellectual aura“, one case with symptoms of organic brain disease“. Brain 11: 179-207.
* Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1863). Our Old Home. Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co.. ISBN 1404374248.
* Jung, C. G. (1966). “On synchronicity“.
* Scott, Sir Walter (1815). Guy Mannering or The Astrologer. Edinburgh: J. Ballantyne & Co.. ISBN 0766170713.
* Brown, Alan S. (2004). The Déjà Vu Experience. Psychology Press. ISBN 1841690759.
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External links
* “When deja vu is more than just an odd feeling“ The Ottawa Citizen, February 20 2006
* “The Tease of Memory“ The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 23 2004
* “Déjà Vu: If It All Seems Familiar, There May Be a Reason“ New York Times, September 14, 2004
* “Déjà Vu, Again and Again“ New Yok Times, July 2, 2006
* “UGH! I Just Got the Creepiest Feeling That I Have Been Here Before: Déjà vu and the Brain, Consciousness and Self“, Neurobiology and Behavior, 1998
* The Skeptic’s Dictionary
帮忙翻译一下啊~!
The reality of Beijing today: the one all-pervasive, inexorable constant - is change.
现在的北京，有一个普遍深入、残酷无情的不变现实就是——变化（或译为发展）。
Change alienates and totally overwhelms some, put wind in the sails of others, and for nearly everyone it’s at least somewhat disorienting.
变化疏远了人们，也压抑了人们，使得与他人之间隔阂加深，而且几乎使得每个人都或多或少的有些迷失于这种不知所措之中。
Keeping up with the changes in a city as dynamic as Beijing is a full-time-job: everything - the roads, the rules, the restaurants - changes so fast that even second Beijing insiders need a guide.
跟上如同北京这个极具活力的城市的变化发展，是一件困难也是必须的事：所有的东西——例如道路，规则，饮食——变化如此之迅捷，以至于第二次到达北京都需要有另人指引（已不是第一次来的那般模样了）。
-disorienting
